Summary
This Campbell Systematic Review synthesises empirical evidence on the impacts of exposure to hate content in online and traditional media on individuals and communities. The authors identified and analysed 55 studies containing 101 effect sizes across 43 distinct outcome measures, addressing a gap in the literature regarding bystander exposure rather than direct victimisation. The review aims to inform the development of evidence-based intervention programmes adapted to contemporary media environments.
UK applicability
The findings are potentially applicable to United Kingdom policy and practice regarding online safety regulation, media literacy initiatives, and community resilience programmes, particularly given the prevalence of both digital and traditional media platforms in the UK. However, applicability may vary depending on whether the included studies reflect UK-specific contexts and whether outcomes align with UK regulatory and public health priorities.
Key measures
Effect sizes across 43 different outcomes; correlational, experimental, and quasi-experimental study designs; searches across 20 databases, 51 websites, and Google covering the period up to December 2021
Outcomes reported
The study synthesised empirical evidence on how exposure to hate in online and traditional media affects outcomes for individuals and groups, examining 55 studies with 101 effect sizes classified into 43 different outcome categories.
Topic tags
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