Summary
Heavy metal pollution is a growing environmental and public health concern, particularly due to its impact on microbial communities. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a highly adaptable bacterium, has developed resistance to heavy metals (HMs), which is closely linked to antibiotic resistance through shared genetic and regulatory pathways. This co-resistance poses significant challenges for environmental health and antimicrobial management. Additionally, microplastics act as carriers for HMs and antibiotics, creating a compounded pollution stressor that further influences bacterial resistance patterns. This review explores the molecular mechanisms by which P. aeruginosa resists heavy metal toxicity, focusing on key adaptive strategies such as efflux systems, biofilm formation, enzymatic detoxificati
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