Summary
This paper reports material science characterisation of ARMCO Pure Iron laminations required for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider upgrade, evaluating 1800 tonnes of ferromagnetic steel. Annealing treatments (750–850 °C) enhanced magnetic performance at room temperature but this benefit was lost upon cooling to operational cryogenic temperatures (4 K). Despite this temperature-dependent performance degradation, the material remained acceptable relative to alternative options and was validated under mechanical stress conditions.
UK applicability
This research is not applicable to UK farming systems, soil health, or food production. It concerns particle physics infrastructure and materials engineering for fundamental research facilities.
Key measures
Magnetic properties (permeability, saturation magnetisation, coercivity) at temperatures 4 K, 77 K, and room temperature (~300 K); assessment before and after mechanical stress application
Outcomes reported
The study measured magnetic properties of ARMCO Pure Iron steel across annealing treatments (750–850 °C) and operation temperatures (4–300 K) for use in Large Hadron Collider superconducting magnets. Results demonstrated that annealing improves magnetic performance at room temperature but not at cryogenic operation conditions (4 K).
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