Narrowing the ecological yield gap to sustain crop yields with less inputs

Summary

Sustainable production of sufficient and healthy food requires efficient use of agricultural inputs. In many regions of the world with intensive agriculture and relatively small yield gaps, this calls for a reduction of external inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) while maintaining yields. Ecological intensification, defined as the use of practices that enhance on-farm ecosystem services to reduce external input requirements, has been proposed as a strategy to help achieve this. However, the effects of ecological intensification are context- and input-dependent, creating uncertainty on its effectiveness and feasibility. Here, we introduce the concept of an ‘ecological yield gap’ to provide a common analytical framework to strengthen collaboration between agronomists and ecologists in asses