Summary
Livestock manure, a major anthropogenic source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soils due to residual veterinary antibiotics, is commonly used as a nutrient-rich fertilizer on sloping cropland. However, the role of landscape features, particularly topographic heterogeneity in shaping ARG transmission and migration remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed 76 metagenomes from five environmental habitats collected along three sloping cropland routes in the Dongting Lake region of China. Soil shared 276 ARG subtypes with other habitats, indicating manure fertilization on slopes facilitates ARGs diffusion across ecosystem. ARG abundance exhibited strong spatial patterns in soil samples, associated with distance from fertilized zones and buffer strips. In fertil
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