A Whole System Diversity - Ecosystem Function Framework for Conservation and Restoration in an Arid Mediterranean Ecosystem

Summary

This perspective paper introduces Whole System Diversity (WSD) as an integrative framework for understanding ecosystem functions across abiotic (geodiversity), biotic (biodiversity), and human (social diversity) dimensions in the Anthropocene. Using terraced watershed management in the Negev Desert as exemplar, the authors demonstrate how reciprocal relationships and feedback loops among these three diversity types sustain ecosystem stability, resilience, and productivity. The framework advances ecological science by articulating how geodiversity provides physical foundations for habitat diversity, which in turn interacts with social diversity through cultural and economic practices to drive essential ecosystem services.

UK applicability

While focused on arid Mediterranean ecosystems, the WSD framework's emphasis on integrating geodiversity, biodiversity, and social diversity may inform UK land restoration and agricultural policy, particularly for upland and marginal farming systems. However, direct application would require adaptation to temperate climate conditions and UK-specific social and economic contexts.

Key measures

Geodiversity (geological features, hydrological processes, climatic conditions); biodiversity (genetic, species, and functional diversity); social diversity (cultural practices and economic livelihoods); ecosystem functions (primary production, nutrient cycling, energy flow, water availability)

Outcomes reported

The study presents a conceptual framework integrating geodiversity, biodiversity, and social diversity to understand ecosystem functions in arid environments. It examines terraced watershed management in the Negev Desert as a case study demonstrating how ancient land management systems exemplify Whole System Diversity principles.

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