Summary
Phosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient for food production, yet a significant pollutant when mismanaged.This study analyzes the phosphorus flow of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in 2020, using a Substance Flow Analysis framework. The research examines natural and anthropogenic inputs, outputs and accumulation of phosphorus.Results reveal that the GBA is heavily dependent on external phosphorus inputs, with a total input of 187.69 Gg. The two largest sources of phosphorus inputs are aquaculture (36%) and food consumption (33%). The phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in crop production, animal husbandry, and aquaculture were approximately 48.8, 32.37, and 10.01%, respectively. However, only 7.89% of phosphorus is recycled, while substantial losses (76% to so
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