Summary
This global systematic review synthesises evidence on how tree integration in livestock agroforestry systems affects forage production and quality. The authors find that shade reduces herbage yield primarily through light limitation rather than nutrient competition, with effects on nutritive value varying by species and region—crude protein increases in shaded grasses but decreases in legumes. Optimal agroforestry success depends on low tree density, strategic placement, appropriate management practices, and species-specific responses to shade.
Regional applicability
UK temperate grassland and mixed farming systems could benefit from these findings on tree density and pruning management, though the review's global scope includes arid and tropical systems where water competition operates differently. Application would require adaptation to UK rainfall patterns and existing silvopasture practices.
Key measures
Herbage biomass yield; crude protein levels in grasses and legumes; fibre content; forage nutritive value; light availability; nutrient competition; water availability; tree density; grazing management; animal productivity
Outcomes reported
This systematic review evaluated the effect of tree presence on herbage biomass yield and forage nutritive quality across 131 research articles, five reviews, and four meta-analyses. The study measured changes in crude protein, fibre content, and overall forage quality under different tree densities, orientations, and management regimes.
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