Summary
The application of ferroferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) in nanoenabled agriculture has expanded rapidly, yet the mechanisms linking their physicochemical properties to crop growth remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate how the surface coatings and particle sizes of Fe3O4NPs regulate wheat root development and metabolic responses. Wheat roots were exposed hydroponically to Fe3O4NPs with different coatings and sizes at 0.01–10.0 mg/L. Citrate (Cit)- and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated large-sized NPs (50, 100 nm) and 20 nm naked Fe3O4NPs at 10 mg/L significantly enhanced root morphological traits (4%–66%). Fe3O4NPs effectively scavenged •OH, •O2–, and H2O2 (37%–84%), while 20 nm naked and large Cit-/PVP-coated Fe3O4NPs upregulated carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolites
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