Summary
The food shortage and the population growth are the most challenges facing sustainable development worldwide. Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and the mobile internet can provide realistic solutions to the challenges that are facing the world. Therefore, this work focuses on the new approaches regarding smart farming (SF) from 2019 to 2021, where the work illustrates the data gathering, transmission, storage, analysis, and also, suitable solutions. IoT is one of the essential pillars in smart systems, as it connects sensor devices to perform various basic tasks. The smart irrigation system included those sensors for monitoring water level, irrigation efficiency, climate, etc. Smart irrigation is based on smart controllers and sensors
Regional applicability
The study focuses on smart farming challenges and opportunities in developing countries, particularly Egypt. UK applications would differ given established infrastructure and regulatory frameworks; however, the technology review of IoT irrigation efficiency, UAV crop monitoring, and machine learning decision tools may be relevant to UK precision agriculture adoption and resource management, particularly for water efficiency in an increasingly variable climate.
Key measures
Technology adoption categories (IoT sensors, UAV applications, 5G network capabilities, machine learning algorithms); smart irrigation efficiency metrics; real-time data transmission speeds (up to 20 Gbps via 5G)
Outcomes reported
The paper reviews smart farming approaches from 2019–2021, including IoT-enabled irrigation systems, UAV and robotic applications, and smart decision support systems for real-time soil characterisation and farm management. It assesses the role of advanced technologies (AI, machine learning, 5G networks) in addressing food security and population growth challenges.
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