Summary
This narrative review in Nature Reviews Neurology synthesises current understanding of how biological sex and social gender shape the clinical expression and recognition of neurodevelopmental conditions. The paper appears to highlight diagnostic disparities and sex-specific phenotypes, suggesting that current diagnostic frameworks may inadequately capture condition manifestation in certain demographic groups. The authors review evidence across multiple neurodevelopmental domains to contextualise the clinical and research implications of these differences.
Regional applicability
The findings are relevant to UK clinical practice and NHS diagnostic pathways, which may benefit from sex- and gender-informed refinement of assessment tools and screening protocols for neurodevelopmental conditions. The review may inform UK educational and health policy on equitable diagnosis and support provision.
Key measures
Diagnostic criteria application, prevalence rates by sex/gender, symptom presentation patterns, diagnostic age and pathways
Outcomes reported
The paper examines how sex and gender factors influence the diagnosis, presentation, and outcomes of neurodevelopmental conditions. It reviews evidence on sex differences in prevalence, symptom manifestation, and diagnostic pathways across conditions such as autism and ADHD.
Topic tags
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