Summary
This techno-economic evaluation modelled the feasibility of building-scale decentralized water systems combining rainwater harvesting, recycling, and treatment across six building types under five climate scenarios. The authors found that such systems could meet 100% of water demand in smaller buildings under most conditions, with unit costs of $1.50–$2.70/m³ for buildings exceeding 300 occupants—substantially below typical utility tariffs in the United States and Western Europe. Implementation would increase construction costs by 6–12% depending on building type, with modest space demands.
Regional applicability
Findings are applicable to United Kingdom contexts, where water security, utility cost pressures, and decentralisation of infrastructure are active policy concerns. The study included Western European climate and economic conditions. However, transferability depends on local water availability, climate patterns, and regulatory frameworks for onsite water treatment and recycling.
Key measures
Water demand satisfaction (percentage of annual needs met), capital expenditure (CapEx), operating expenditure (OpEx), construction cost increase (percentage), total unit cost of water provision ($/m³), and space requirements
Outcomes reported
The study assessed the technical feasibility and economic viability of building-scale decentralized water systems combining rainwater harvesting, potable water production, and wastewater treatment across six building types and five climatic conditions. Economic analysis evaluated capital and operating costs relative to utility tariffs and water demand satisfaction.
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