Summary
Chlorine (Cl) is an essential nutrient for higher plants, playing a critical role in their growth and development. However, excessive Cl application can be detrimental, leading to its limited use in controlled-environment agriculture. Recently, Cl has been recognized as a beneficial macronutrient, yet studies investigating its impact on plant growth and fruit quality remain scarce. In this study, we determined the optimal Cl concentration in nutrient solutions through a series of cultivation experiments. A comparative analysis of Cl treatments at 1, 2, and 3 mM revealed that 3 mM Cl− significantly enhanced chlorophyll content, biomass accumulation, and yield. Furthermore, we examined the effects of 3 mM Cl− (supplied as 1.5 mM CaCl2 and 3 mM KCl) on leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluores
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