Summary
This field trial examined the combined application of bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter and phosphate-solubilising bacteria) with cow urine and reduced synthetic nitrogen in drip-irrigated protected cucumber cultivation. Treatment F2I4 (100% recommended NPK with 1/3 basal nitrogen and 2/3 through fertigation, plus bio-fertilizers and 5% cow urine at higher irrigation level) achieved the highest yield and economic returns whilst conserving approximately 50% irrigation water compared to farmers' standard practice. The results suggest that integrated nutrient management combining organic amendments and bio-fertilizers can improve yield and quality whilst reducing water and nutrient inputs.
Regional applicability
This research was conducted in India under protected cultivation conditions and examined water-efficient drip irrigation coupled with locally available organic amendments (cow urine). Whilst the specific climate, cultivar and protected structure may differ from United Kingdom practice, the principles of reducing synthetic nitrogen through bio-fertiliser supplementation and optimising irrigation scheduling could inform UK horticulture research, particularly for protected vegetable production systems seeking to reduce chemical and water inputs under integrated crop management.
Key measures
Yield (kg m⁻²), total soluble solids (TSS), marketable yield, gross return, benefit-cost ratio, plant growth parameters, water use (IW/CPE ratios)
Outcomes reported
The study measured cucumber yield, growth parameters, quality metrics (total soluble solids), gross returns, and benefit-cost ratios under different irrigation and bio-fertilizer fertigation combinations. Combined application of bio-fertilizers with reduced nitrogen doses and cow urine was compared against conventional farmers' practice.
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