Advances in biofortified crops for combating hidden hunger and micronutrient deficiency: A review

Summary

This narrative review examines biofortification as a strategy to combat hidden hunger and micronutrient deficiency in low and middle-income countries. The authors discuss three approaches—conventional plant breeding, genetic engineering, and agronomic crop management—and present evidence on their effectiveness in developing micronutrient-enriched staple crops, particularly rice and wheat. The review emphasises the need to mainstream biofortification into agricultural and nutrition policies, with adoption positioned as a cost-effective, climate-resilient complement to dietary diversification and public health measures.

Regional applicability

This review addresses global hidden hunger challenges primarily in low and middle-income countries, where micronutrient deficiency prevalence is highest. Whilst the United Kingdom has low rates of overt micronutrient deficiency, biofortification research remains relevant to UK agricultural policy, international nutrition security, and food system resilience; findings may inform UK support for biofortification in development contexts and trade relationships.

Key measures

Micronutrient content (iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C) in biofortified staple crops; adoption rates; cost-effectiveness; health outcomes; climate resilience

Outcomes reported

The review examines advances in biofortification of staple crops (rice, wheat) for iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C content, and assesses health effects, economic viability, and adoption prospects. It evaluates conventional breeding, genetic engineering, and agronomic approaches to improve nutritional quality and reduce hidden hunger in low and middle-income countries.

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