Summary
This narrative review synthesises global clinical evidence on vitamin K2 (menaquinone) supplementation across multiple chronic diseases. The authors searched multiple databases for human studies and report a broadly positive correlation between vitamin K2 supplementation and improved health outcomes, though note that clinical data remain inconsistent. The review identifies substantial gaps in understanding vitamin K2 metabolic processes, biomarker validation, dose–response relationships, and bioavailability, and recommends establishing a Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin K2.
Regional applicability
The review is global in scope and draws on international clinical studies. Findings on vitamin K2 dietary sources and supplementation would be applicable to United Kingdom populations, though the review notes that establishing evidence-based UK dietary guidelines for vitamin K2 would require further dose–response and bioavailability research specific to UK populations.
Key measures
Clinical outcomes in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancers; vitamin K2 bioavailability; supplementation dose–response relationships
Outcomes reported
The review examined the association between vitamin K2 supplementation and clinical outcomes across multiple chronic diseases including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. It assessed evidence for vitamin K2's role in disease treatment and identified gaps in current clinical data.
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