Summary
This narrative review synthesises evidence on betaine—a compound derived from sugar beet by-products—as a functional ingredient with roles in human health (cardiovascular protection, hepatic and renal function, physical performance) and animal production (growth, feed efficiency, reproductive performance, heat stress resilience). The authors examine molecular mechanisms including methylation, osmolyte function, epigenetic regulation, and mitochondrial effects, and note the alignment of betaine sourcing with circular economy principles in agri-food systems. The review identifies knowledge gaps around dose standardisation and species-specific responses under varying physiological and environmental conditions.
Regional applicability
The findings are broadly applicable to United Kingdom farming and nutrition contexts, particularly for livestock production (monogastrics, ruminants, and companion animals) and for exploration of value recovery from agro-industrial by-products such as sugar beet processing. The circular economy framing aligns with United Kingdom agricultural policy priorities. However, specific dosage protocols and regulatory status in feed additives will require local validation.
Key measures
Homocysteine metabolism, lipid profiles, oxidative stress markers, growth rates, feed efficiency, reproductive performance, heat stress resilience, epigenetic regulation, and mitochondrial function
Outcomes reported
The review examined betaine's biological functions and health-promoting effects across human and animal species, including effects on hepatic function, cardiovascular health, growth performance, feed efficiency, and heat stress resilience. It also explored molecular mechanisms, bioavailability, and the potential for sustainable sourcing from agro-industrial by-products.
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