Summary
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 cohort and 21 case-control studies, complemented by Mendelian randomisation analysis, examined the causal associations between dietary factors and thyroid cancer risk. High fish consumption and alcohol-containing beverages were associated with reduced thyroid cancer risk, whilst high refined cereal and nitrate consumption increased risk. Mendelian randomisation analysis strengthened evidence for oily fish as a protective factor against thyroid cancer.
Regional applicability
This global meta-analysis synthesises international evidence on diet and thyroid cancer. Findings may apply to United Kingdom populations, though UK-specific dietary patterns and thyroid cancer epidemiology should be considered when translating these results to clinical practice or public health guidance.
Key measures
Odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs), and relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals for thyroid cancer risk; publication bias assessed via funnel plots
Outcomes reported
The study examined associations between food groups/dietary patterns and thyroid cancer risk using meta-analysis of observational studies and Mendelian randomisation analysis. Primary outcomes included odds ratios, hazard ratios and relative risks for thyroid cancer across dietary exposures.
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