Summary
This systematic review evaluates cashew apple, a by-product of cashew processing, as a sustainable and economically viable feed ingredient for ruminants. The authors synthesised proximate composition data from multiple sources, reporting an average metabolisable energy content of 2973 kcal/kg and crude protein of 130 g/kg on a dry matter basis, positioning cashew apple as a potential alternative to conventional, cost-intensive feed sources. Whilst the review identifies significant practical constraints—including high moisture content, seasonal availability, and rapid spoilage—it concludes that with appropriate processing and preservation strategies, cashew apple could contribute to circular agricultural practices and reduce feed-related production costs in developing regions.
Regional applicability
The findings have limited direct applicability to UK ruminant production systems, which typically have access to abundant forage and established feed supply chains. However, the circular economy principles and waste-valorisation approach could inform UK agricultural sustainability policy and alternative feed innovation, particularly for regions with limited conventional feed resources.
Key measures
Proximate composition (crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash, nitrogen-free extract, metabolisable energy); ruminal fermentation profiles; animal performance metrics
Outcomes reported
The review assessed the proximate composition and nutritional value of cashew apple as a ruminant feed ingredient and identified knowledge gaps regarding its effects on rumen fermentation and animal performance. The study synthesised evidence on the feasibility of cashew apple utilisation as a waste-reduction strategy in circular agricultural systems.
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