Summary
This narrative review explores the bidirectional relationship between very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD), obesity, and thyroid dysfunction. The authors synthesise evidence that whilst VLCKD is effective for weight management, the combination of low-calorie intake and high-fat diet composition can alter thyroid hormone metabolism, with women with obesity particularly vulnerable to reduced T3 levels. The review identifies gaps in mechanistic understanding and calls for further research into the underlying pathophysiology linking ketogenic dietary interventions to obesity-related thyroid complications.
Regional applicability
The findings are relevant to United Kingdom clinical and dietary practice, where both ketogenic diets and obesity management are increasingly prevalent. However, the review does not present UK-specific epidemiological data; applicability depends on whether identified thyroid risks are consistent across populations with similar genetic and nutritional backgrounds to the UK.
Key measures
Thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4, TSH); body weight; hypothyroidism incidence; caloric intake; dietary macronutrient composition
Outcomes reported
The review examines associations between very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD), obesity, and thyroid dysfunction, synthesising evidence on how VLCKD and weight loss affect thyroid hormone levels. It identifies potential mechanisms linking VLCKD use to hypothyroidism risk, particularly reduced T3 levels in women with obesity.
Topic tags
Dig deeper with Pulse AI.
Ask about this record, its theme or its relevance to UK farming and policy. Pulse AI uses selected catalogue evidence and cites the sources it draws on.