Summary
This narrative review examines the composition and functional roles of dietary lipids in infant nutrition, comparing breast milk and infant formulae across key lipid species. The authors identify substantial differences in fatty acid profiles and other complex lipids between these sources, with consensus that opportunities exist to improve qualitative lipid supply to infants. The review emphasises significant knowledge gaps regarding long-term metabolic, neurological, and immunological effects of lipid quality during infancy, and calls for further research on lipid mediators, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid requirements, and mechanisms underlying short- and long-term health outcomes.
Regional applicability
The findings are applicable to United Kingdom infant nutrition policy and practice, as the comparison of breast milk and formula lipid composition directly informs infant feeding recommendations and formula formulation standards. The identified gaps in evidence regarding long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid requirements are relevant to UK-licensed infant formula standards and maternal dietary guidance.
Key measures
Lipid composition profiles including saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations, structural position of fatty acids, cholesterol content, and complex lipid composition in breast milk versus infant formulae
Outcomes reported
The study compared lipid compositions in breast milk and infant formulae, identifying major differences in saturated fatty acids (including palmitic acid), unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), cholesterol, and complex lipids. It highlighted the roles of dietary lipids in term and preterm infant growth, development, and health outcomes.
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