Summary
ABSTRACT Introduction Ornamental kale ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala ‘Frost Byte’) is valued for both ornamental and edible use, but its successful establishment depends on suitable growing substrates. While peat‐based media provide favourable water retention and aeration, environmental concerns over peat extraction have driven interest in peat‐free alternatives, which may have limitations in nutrient buffering and structural stability. Microbial biostimulants containing plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPB) offer a potential solution by enhancing nutrient availability, improving substrate conditions and stimulating early root development. Methods This study investigated the combined effects of microbial biostimulant application and substrate composition on germination, growth, pigment
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